Section 1 - blm brazil-usa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blacklivesmatterbra-usa.com\/section-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Section 1 - blm brazil-usa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Part 1: COLONIALISM AND SLAVERY AS NECROPOLITICS The nations that make up the Americas were born of conquest and dispossession. European explorers devastated indigenous civilizations and 12.5 million enslaved Africans endured the \u201cmiddle passage\u201d of the slave trade between 1501 to 1875. 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Part 1<\/a><\/li>\n
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About<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\t\n<\/aside>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t
\nWarning<\/b>: Trying to access array offset on value of type bool in \/home\/blackliv\/public_html\/wp-content\/themes\/centotheme\/cento\/templates\/slide-panel.php<\/b> on line 20<\/b>
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Part 1<\/a><\/li>\n
Part 2<\/a><\/li>\n
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About<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Part 1: COLONIALISM AND SLAVERY AS NECROPOLITICS<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The nations that make up the Americas were born of conquest and dispossession. European explorers devastated indigenous civilizations and 12.5 million enslaved Africans endured the \u201cmiddle passage\u201d of the slave trade between 1501 to 1875. An unparalleled crime against humanity, racial slavery in the New World was powered by greed and sustained through violence and death. Here we put names and faces to those who, economically exploited and racially oppressed, survived, lived, and resisted, each in their own way. Mounting large-scale insurrections, forming autonomous \u201cfugitive\u201d communities, and demanding full emancipation in writings and speeches, many different historical actors organized resistance to slavery. While slavery was ended via the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) in the U.S. and outlawed by imperial decree (1888) in Brazil, those who were declared legally \u201cfree\u201d encountered significant continuity with a slaveholding past, including ongoing racist harassment, violence, and killing.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\n \n All Wars Begin By Taking Away Breath<\/span>\n\n <\/div>\n\t <\/a>\n <\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\n \n The Slave Trade to The New World<\/span>\n\n <\/div>\n\t <\/a>\n <\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\n \n Slave Resistance, Revolt, and Abolition<\/span>\n\n <\/div>\n\t <\/a>\n <\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\n \n The End of Slavery<\/span>\n\n <\/div>\n\t <\/a>\n <\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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All wars begin by taking away breath<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Who Are the Americans of Whom We speak?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe nations that make up our \u201dAmericas\u201d were born of colonial conquest and dispossession going back five centuries ago when sailors and adventurers from Spain and Portugal \u2018discovered\u2019 a \u201cNew World,\u201d in contrast to the \u2018older\u2019 and long interconnected worlds of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Eight years after Columbus\u2019s 1492 Caribbean voyage, Portuguese caravels commanded by Cabral inadvertently arrived on the coast of what is now Brazil, the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Western Hemisphere.<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The ruins of Teotihuac\u00e1n, an ancient Mesoamerican city located 25 miles northeast of modern-day Mexico city.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Gi\u00e1como Gastaldi\u2019s 1550 map of Brazil<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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This encounter proved catastrophic for the many indigenous peoples and cultures whose autonomous civilizational trajectories went back thousands of years. Despite their extensive empires and trading systems, fully equivalent to the achievement of Christian Europe, the Islamic World, and China, they became overrun with two types of diseases brought from the \u201cOld World.\u201d Physiological epidemics that attacked susceptible human immune systems and ruthless exploitation that attacked entire social organisms and suffocated their life-building capacities.<\/p>

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Indigenous people in the \u201cNew World\u201d were subject to discriminatory legal treatment as \u201cpeople without reason,\u201d however, their labor produced the silver and other commodity exports that dynamized world trade and sustained the status of European countries as colonial powers. By 1800, less than 2.5 million Europeans had settled in the \u201cNew World,\u201d just a fourth of the 10-11 million humans from Africa who arrived as enslaved laborers. They too faced racist stigmatization and a ruthless exploitation that enriched their European overlords, whether at home or in the colonial metropole.
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The Trafficking of Enslaved Africans<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFacing into the Atlantic on the Iberian Peninsula, the small Christian Kingdom of Portugal was already a formidable maritime power by 1500. They were the first Europeans to explore the western coast of Africa and eventually reached the Indian Ocean. As early as the 15th Century, the capture, enslavement, and sale of Africans was anchored in Portuguese trading posts-spanning three oceans-that included settlements in Africa, India, China, and throughout the Pacific. Indeed, Portugal was the first European power to establish colonies in Africa, and the very last to lose them in 1974 when Angola, Mozambique, Guinea Bissau, and Cape Verde won their wars of independence. Having pioneered the plantation system based on enslaved labor, Brazil became, for over four centuries, the single largest destination for enslaved people from Africa.\u00a0 Indeed, half of all those landed in the New World were destined for Brazil, while the U.S. received less than one in twenty.\u00a0 With slaves and their descendants constituting two thirds of the Brazilian population as late as 1872, Brazil was\u2014along the late booming and lucrative slave societies of the U.S. south and Cuba\u2014among the last three countries to end the institution in the western hemisphere.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Overview of the slave trade out of Africa, 1500-1900. Source: David Eltis and David Richardson, Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New Haven, 2010).<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Brazil: From Barter to Enslavement<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Brazil lacked the precious metals that drove Spain\u2019s New World Expansion.<\/b> Its small indigenous coastal populations interacted with visitors at first by bartering Brazilwood trees, the source of a valued red dye, for European tools and goods. Conflict ensued as Portuguese grandees moved to introduce sugar production in the late 16th century. A luxury \u2018spice\u2019 much sought after in Europe, sugar was known as the \u201cwhite gold\u201d and required extensive land, intensive year-round agricultural labor<\/b>, and an industrial refining process that was impossible without access to a continuing source of cheap labor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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A seventeenth-century sugar mill (engenho) in the captaincy of Pernambuco. Frans Janszoon Post (1612-1680). Oil on panel. 50 cm x 74.5 cm. <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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THE SLAVE TRADE TO THE NEW WORLD<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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A Rolling Genocide Across the Centuries<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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In its proportions, the trade in Africans to the New World was the largest involuntary migration in modern world history. Over four centuries, 12.5 million people were kidnapped in Africa and embarked on the 36,000 documented voyages by European and U.S. slaving ships between 1501 and 1875. This sea of suffering human beings would have been one percent of the estimated world population in 1800; if adjusted for 2020, it would be the equivalent of 75 million people. When the world moved to end slave trading in the early 19th century, Brazilian slavers would persist even as their own government formally affirmed its illegality but tolerated its operation in practice.<\/p>
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Located so close to Africa, the slave trade to Brazil would actually reach its height in the two decades before 1850 when the trade was finally ended by a threatened English blockade of Brazilian ports.<\/span>The international trade that legally delivered slaves to the U.S. began in 1619 and ended in 1808. Thus, the arrival of the majority of the enslaved in the U.S. came before the invention of the cotton gin that revolutionized cotton production and invigorated the institution of slavery in the U.S. South.<\/span><\/p>
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Slavery in the New World and the trade in Africans that fueled is a crime against humanity to be remembered like the murder of six million Jews by the Nazis, along with others, in the Holocaust in the 20th century. Yet we will never truly understand what happened, how, and with what consequences unless we put names and faces to those who, economically exploited and racially oppressed, survived, lived, and resisted, each in their own way.
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Say Their Names and Learn Their Stories<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Citing the names and stories of those who died from Covid-19, the Brazilian poet Braulio Bessa has reminded us how statistics and big numbers render invisible the lives lost. As his 2020 poem\u2019s refrain insists: \u201cif cold numbers can\u2019t touch your heart, perhaps their names will.\u201d This applies as well to a one page handwritten and stamped inventory filed in 1738 with the Portuguese colonial authorities in Angola by a returning military expedition. Listing seventy-six captives, it includes the first names of each but reduces most it to their monetary \u201cvalue.\u201d The exceptions occur most commonly among young women and children:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Bienba<\/b>\/<\/b>Sungu<\/b><\/p>\n
child at the breast, 7$000<\/i><\/p>\n
Mana\/Cambia<\/b><\/p>\n
with the child dying, 6$000 <\/i><\/p>\n
Banba<\/b>\/<\/b>Sonbi<\/b><\/p>\n
child at the breast-almost dead, 3$000<\/i><\/p>\n
Quimano<\/b><\/p>\n
no child-died on the path, 3$000 <\/i><\/p>\n
Callunbo<\/b><\/p>\n
huge wound on left leg, 1$000<\/i><\/p>
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A one-page handwritten and stamped inventory filed in 1738 with the Portuguese colonial authorities in Angola by a returning military expedition. Listing seventy-six captives, it includes the first names of each but reduces most to their monetary \u201cvalue.\u201d The exceptions occur most commonly among young women and children.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Example of an amulet seized by the police in the wake of the Mal\u00ea revolt (Revolta dos Mal\u00eas) in January 1835.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Omar ibn Said<\/b> (1770-1863), an African-born Muslim enslaved in the Carolinas, offers one such story. Literate in Arabic, the texts that survive\u2014written in that language\u2014include an autobiography as well as an 1813 appeal to the governor for his freedom (denied).\u00a0 It included the following statement in Arabic:\u00a0<\/p>
\u201cI wish to be seen in our land called Afrik\u0101, in a place [on] the river called K-b\u0101.\u201d<\/p>
In Salvador, Bahia, six hundred predominantly Muslim slaves\u2014with their own literate leaders\u2014launched the Western Hemisphere\u2019s largest urban insurrection armed with amulets in Arabic:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Racism: The Poisonous Fruit of New World Slavery<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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As a form of unfree labor, slavery had long been part of human societies, including Western Europe and Africa, and practiced across religious faiths. Indeed, a third of the population of ancient Greece was enslaved while the European laws governing the institution were derived from the Roman Empire which was famously the site of the world\u2019s best-known early slave revolt led by one Spartacus. Indeed, the word \u201cslave\u201d entered the English language from the French \u2018sclavus,\u2019 and referred to the conquered Slavic peoples of the Balkans who were enslaved to produce sugar in Eastern Mediterranean islands such as Crete and Cyprus from the 11th to the 13th century.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Anastasia is a symbol of black slavery in Brazil. It is worshipped in popular Catholic religiosity. Her story remains that of a black woman of splendid beauty who helped sick people. For refusing to go to bed the master of slaves was punished with the Mask of Flanders.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Stowage of slaves on a legal British slave ship in 1788.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Deliberate Amnesia and the Politics of Denial<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Whether in the USA or Brazil, the end of the institution of slavery was followed by a cultivated amnesia that suppressed even the memory of the existence of slave markets and whipping posts. In Rio de Janeiro, private and public excavations in the Gamboa neighborhood in the last quarter century led to the rediscovery of the wharfs of the infamous Valongo slave market which operated until 1831, now designated a UNESCO World Heritage site. Nearby, a family renovating their house discovered the remains of the Cemetery for the New Blacks where slavers unceremoniously dumped the bodies of tens of thousands of as yet unbaptized Africans into pits. In the USA, the recent prize-winning 1619 project of the New York Times recovered images of slave pens and identified locations and auction blocks within the U.S. where the estimated 1.2 million were sold within the USA during slavery\u2019s heyday.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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A photograph of one of the largest slave-trading firm\u00a0Price, Birch & Company in Alexandria, VA.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Newly-arrived slaves for sale in a shop in the Valongo Slave Market in Rio (1835): note their skeletal condition.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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A Crime Against Humanity<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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In 1823, Brazil\u2019s First Prime Minister Jos\u00e9 Bonif\u00e1cio condemned the early Portuguese kings who made it \u201ca branch of legal commerce to seize free people and sell them as slaves\u201d This barbaric traffic, he observed, fomented \u201crobberies, devastations, and wars\u201d in Africa that led to hundreds of thousands deaths in the raids and societal chaos that turned humans into commodities for export. In that very year he wrote, forty thousand slaves were \u201csuffocating in the holds of our ships,\u201d vessels accurately known in Brazil as tumbeiros: coffin-bearers.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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What is Banzo?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Life was cheap once on board and ten percent of those embarked would, on average, die from hunger, disease, and abuse before seeing land. Of 12.5 million embarked, only 10.7 million are estimated to have survived the dismal \u201cmiddle passage\u201d that marked a trade half of whose victims were destined for Brazil. Severely debilitated, many of the newly arrived would die shortly from disease while others were struck by banzo, a word still used by Brazilians today. Banzo has origins in the Quicongo word ‘mbanzu’, meaning thought and memory, and the Quimbundo word for nostalgia, passion, and sorrow, ‘mbonzo.’ In the Novo Dicion\u00e1rio Banto no Brasil, Nei Lopes defines banzo as a “deadly nostalgia that affected black Africans enslaved in Brazil”. The first written record of the word banzo is found in the work entitled \u201cMemory about the slaves and the slave trade between the African Coast and Brazil\u201d presented by lawyer Luis Antonio de Oliveira Mendes at the Lisbon\u2019s Royal Academy of Sciences in 1793:<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t“Banzo<\/i>\u00a0is a resentment ingrained by whatever principle: for example, longing for one\u2019s people and homeland; requited love; ingratitude and treachery of another; profound consideration of the loss of freedom; continuous meditation on the rudeness with which they are treated and the very vicious treatment they endure; and everything that can cause them to be melancholic. It is a passion of the soul to which they give themselves and that only vanishes with death. That\u2019s the reason I said that black Africans were tenderhearted, faithful, resolute, extremely constant, and susceptible to the extreme of love and hate (…). This same\u00a0<\/i>banzo<\/i>\u00a0I sometimes observed in Brazil, that had killed many slaves; yet always due to the resentment felt about the harshness with which their masters treated them.”<\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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SLAVE RESISTANCE, REVOLT, AND ABOLITION<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Freedom Is a Constant Struggle<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The United States<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Underground Railroad<\/h1>
During 1700s-1863 the Underground Railroad <\/b>was a network of people who helped enslaved people escape to free states and Canada. Aid came in the form of secret routes, safe houses, and stations to eat. It is estimated that more than 100,000 enslaved people found freedom through the underground railroad. The most famous \u201cconductor\u201d was Harriet Tubman<\/b>. She led people in 13 trips to the South, helping to free over 70 people and gained the name “Moses of Her People.”<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Underground Railroad was not a real railroad, but a network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th century black slaves in the United States to escape to free states and Canada.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Harriet Tubman escaped slavery and helped to free over 70 people <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Nat Turner’s Rebellion<\/h1>
In Virginia, 1831, Nat Turner<\/b>, an enslaved man inspired by religion, led the deadliest slave rebellion in American history. Together, he and more than 50 other enslaved people killed more than 50 whites. Fear ripped through the racist white South in the aftermath of the rebellion and led to laws prohibiting the education of enslaved and free Black people. More than a century after the rebellions and his death by hanging, Nat Turner became an important icon to the Black Power Movement.<\/p>
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Frederick Douglas<\/h1>
Frederick Douglass <\/b>is one of the most high-profile abolitionists in United States history.\u00a0Born into slavery, he learned to read and later escaped from slavery. He was a reformer, abolitionist, orator and became a national leader of the abolitionist movement. He went on to speak on his experiences under slavery throughout the country.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cNo man can put a chain about the ankle of his fellow man without at last finding the other end fastened about his own neck.\u201d - Douglass<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Quilombo dos Palmares<\/h1>
The Quilombo dos <\/b>Palmares<\/b>, <\/b>was the biggest community of escaped slaves in Afrodiasporic world. It was the largest \u2018fugitive\u2019 community to have existed in Brazil. The quilombo was organized like a small state, with laws and norms, many of which originated from Central African models, given the background of its inhabitants. It resisted for more than a century (1580-1694), gathered around 20 thousand quilombolas (when Salvador, capital of Brazil at the time, had 35 thousand inhabitants), occupying an area size like Portugal. Zumbi was the most important leader and until today they represents the greatest example of black resistance to slavery in Brazil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Zumbi and Dandara<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Map of the Captaincy of Pernambuco with a representation of the Quilombo dos Palmares, by the Dutch painter and engraver Frans Post in 1647<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Angola Janga (2017), a comic book by Marcelo D'Salete<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Mal\u00ea Rebellion<\/h1>
The <\/b>Mal\u00ea<\/b> Rebellion <\/b>was an insurrection of African-descended Muslims during Ramadan, in 1835. Involved 600 black men, both free and enslaved, targeted those who did not belong to the African-born, enslaved and free populations. The objective was the seizure of power of the city of Salvador and the mobilization was based on the revolt of the slaves with the horrible living conditions. As a result of the uprising, security forces in the state of Bahia seized and criminalized items they associated with\u00a0Islam, including documents written in Arabic. Was the most relevant uprising of Bahia. According to Lu\u00eds Gama, one of the leaders of this revolt would have been his mother, <\/span>Luiza <\/b>Mahin<\/b>, today a symbol of black feminism in Brazil.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Released in 2018, the computer game 'Nag\u00f4 Society - The Rescue' portrays the Uprising of the Males, a Muslim slave uprising that took place in Salvador in 1835.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Casa de Negros (1835), by Johann Rugendas<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Lu\u00eds Gama<\/h1>
Lu\u00eds Gama <\/b>was a lawyer, speaker, journalist, Brazilian writer. He conquered his own freedom in court and began to work as a lawyer on behalf of the captives, being already at 29 years of age a renowned author and considered “the greatest abolitionist in Brazil”. He guided his life in the struggle for the end of slavery and the monarchy in Brazil, but he died six years before these causes were realized. His funeral was guided by a popular crowd that called him “friend of all”, becoming one of the greatest manifestations of S\u00e3o Paulo in the period.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Photograph of Lu\u00eds Gama (1830-1882) c. 1880.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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THE END OF SLAVERY<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Promises Unfulfilled<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Abolition Versus Emancipation<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrazil Versus the United States<\/span>\nSlavery in the US was ended in a revolutionary fashion through armed struggled. The process began with Lincoln\u2019s Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 and culminated with the postwar constitutional amendments 13 and 14, which ended servitude and guaranteed ex-slaves equal rights under law, including the right to vote.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Emancipation Proclamation (1865)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Lei Aurea (Golden Law) of 1888 <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Revista Ilustrada cartoon of the abolitionist Jos\u00e9 do Patroc\u00ednio on the eve of abolition (1888). The caption reads \"From the stones thrown at him, gratitude and patriotism will make a pedestal for the statue that posterity will bring him to build, one day!\"<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Abolition But Not Full Emancipation<\/h1>
In Brazil, a process of gradual emancipation enacted by slaveholders began in 1866 and culminated on May 13, 1888, through an imperial decree issued by Princess Isabel. Although it freed few slaves, the Golden Law (Lei Aurea) was presented as a gift from above. It ignores years of activism by Black and white Brazilians and massive flights of slaves from plantations in the final years. It is, as Black movements say today, a false emancipation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Andr\u00e9 Rebou\u00e7as on the Unfinished Business of Emancipation<\/span><\/h1>
Brazilian abolitionists were critical of the lengthy and gradual cessation of slavery. Andr\u00e9 Rebou\u00e7as (1838-1898) was a Brazilian abolitionist, engineer, and inventor. He was one of the main articulators for the abolishment of slavery in Brazil and used what money he had to help found an abolitionist newspaper and helping to create the Brazilian Society Against Slavery.<\/p>
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“We must level this beautiful Brazil,” he said, in order to accelerate the advent of a “Rural Democracy” that would allow this vast country to attack the misery in which most of the Brazilian population was found, including even those who were legally free, but enslaved, according to him, by the \u201cforced salary” of whimsy wages.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The abolitionist and engineer Andr\u00e9 Rebou\u00e7as (1838-1898)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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“The extinction of slavery led the problem of abolishing misery to the first Plan. The slavery was a great machine to produce proletarians and wretches. It was it that made possible, for three centuries, the most monstrous territorial monopoly ever seen on the surface of the globe. This monopoly has produced urban misery, without ground, air and light, accumulated in pigsties; begging during the day and sleeping at night in human dunghills, it produced the rural misery, without land, without salary, without any compensation, without the slightest idea of fair and equitable distribution between capital and work.”<\/i><\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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In 1723 Manoel, a slave, cut cane for more than 12 hours each day. The only thing he receives in return for his labor is housing and food. In 2020 Manoel, who is not a slave, cuts cane for 12 hours a day. In return he receives money that barely covers his food and housing. Comic strip by Guga and the Coletivo Mis\u00e9ria. Published in the newspaper Aten\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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“40 Acres and a Mule”<\/h1>
After the end of the Civil War, the phrase resonated among newly freed African Americans who were promised land as compensation for unpaid labor during slavery. In January 1865, General William T. Sherman issued Field Order Number 15, which set seized coastal land in South Carolina and Georgia for former slaves. Each family would receive 40 acres and Sherman promised to help secure loaned mules. Congress authorized the Freedmen\u2019s Bureau to divide the land into small plots for rental and sale. Nevertheless, President Johnson ordered that most of the confiscated land be returned to its former owners. Black landholders were forcibly removed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Agrarian Reform and Abolition<\/h1>
Jos\u00e9 Bonif\u00e1cio de Andrada e Silva (1763-1838), an abolitionist and European educated statesman, was a newly independent kingdom of Brazil\u2019s first prime minister. In 1823, Bonif\u00e1cio authored an influential piece in which he laid out his vision for the eventual abolition of slavery. He recognized that undertaking agrarian reform was an integral part of abolition. Article 10 of \u201cA Project of Law on Slavery\u201d specified that free men of color would receive a small grant of land for farming as well as other \u201cassistance to establish themselves.\u201d Bonif\u00e1cio was forced into exile and the new government opted not to adopt its predecessor\u2019s radical program.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Waud, Alfred R., artist. The Freedmen's Bureau \/ Drawn by A.R. Waud for Harper\u2019s Weekly (July 25, 1868). Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Explanatory text here. Explanatory text here. Explanatory text here. Explanatory text here. Explanatory text here. Explanatory text here. Explanatory text here. Explanatory text here. <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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In the United States, June 19th, 1865, when the last enslaved Americans were made aware of their freedom over two years after the Emancipation Proclamation was signed, is celebrated as celebrated as Juneteenth.<\/p>
Radical reconstruction followed abolition in the U.S. Black people were immediately given the right to vote and hold public office. However, hopes were soon dashed at the compromised end of reconstruction in 1877 to win the disputed 1876 presidential election. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, white Southern Democrats moved to disenfranchise Black people and strip them of the political and economic gains they had made during Reconstruction. State and local governments enforced segregation through the Jim Crow laws. In Brazil, the new Republic proclaimed in 1889 barred illiterate persons of all colors from voting, a prohibition that remained legal until 1986.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cNegro drinking at \"Colored\" water cooler in streetcar terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma\u201d (July 1939). Photograph by Russell Lee (1903-1986). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Survivors of the Canudos Massacre (1897).<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Canudos Massacre (1896-7)<\/h1>\n
The War of Canudos is associated with Brazil\u2019s infant Republic, proclaimed in 1889. Ant\u00f4nio Conselheiro was a lay Catholic priest in the arid \u201cbacklands\u201d (sert\u00e3o) of Brazil. He, like many other illiterate, rural people, did not accept the Republic. Conselheiro founded Canudos and thousands gathered around him. The Republic responded violently, sending continued military attacks until the fourth and final attack in 1897 wiped out nearly all the city\u2019s inhabitants. The massacre of over 5,000 rural, poor, and mostly Afro-Brazilian peoples is a powerful instance of state repression.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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A Canudos, a settlement in the interior of Bahia. Author unknown.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Wilmington Massacre (1898)<\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWilmington was a center of Black life in North Carolina. It represented the last place where radical reconstruction held out in the South \u2013 a place where Black people were full participants in society amongst the encroaching Jim Crow era.The 1898 Wilmington Massacre, which left 60 Black people dead and chased Black folks out of town, was a highly coordinated coup by whites to obliterate Black political power. The insurrection resulted in moral, economic, civic, and political damage for decades to come as part of a larger, racist drive for return to white power of an enslaved South.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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On November 26, 1898, armed rioters pose in front of the destroyed press building in Wilmington, NC. <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Front page of The News and Observer following the Wilmington Massacre of 1898.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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In 1901, George H. White (1852-1918) ended his term as a congressman from North Carolina\u2019s second congressional district. He recognized that his departure wrapped up a 32-year period in which 20 southern Black men served in Congress. In his farewell address, he wrote:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cThis \u2026 is perhaps the Negroes\u2019 temporary farewell to the American Congress; but \u2026 phoenix-like he will rise up some day and come again \u2026\u201d\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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This website is an ongoing, student-led construction, and we are constantly adding content and references. <\/i><\/span><\/p>
Please stay tuned for updates to this and other sections!<\/i><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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BLACK LIVES MATTER<\/h2>\n
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<\/p> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n
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VIDAS NEGRAS IMPORTAM<\/h2>\n
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<\/p> <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Part 1: COLONIALISM AND SLAVERY AS NECROPOLITICS The nations that make up the Americas were born of conquest and dispossession. European explorers devastated indigenous civilizations and 12.5 million enslaved Africans endured the \u201cmiddle passage\u201d of the slave trade between 1501 to 1875. An unparalleled crime against humanity, racial slavery in the New World was powered…<\/p>\n
Read More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/fullwidthpage.php","meta":{"_vp_format_video_url":"","_vp_image_focal_point":[],"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"\nSection 1 - blm brazil-usa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blacklivesmatterbra-usa.com\/section-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Section 1 - blm brazil-usa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Part 1: COLONIALISM AND SLAVERY AS NECROPOLITICS The nations that make up the Americas were born of conquest and dispossession. 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BLACK LIVES MATTER<\/h2>\n \n\t <\/p> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n